Given our present energy and climate predicament, it is interesting to contemplate how human history would have progressed in the absence of large supplies of coal, oil, and gas. Before efficient steam engines existed, heavy industry depended on mechanical water power to grind flour, saw wood, and so forth. Steam engines and coal helped kick off the path of development that leads to the present world, in which fossil fuels play critical roles as energy sources, inputs for agriculture, and feedstocks for chemical manufacture.
On a planet without fossil fuels, industrialization would probably have made use of mechanical water and wind energy for far longer. It is an open question whether such a society could ever have reached the point of being able to build current-generation renewables, such as electric wind and hydro turbines, solar photovoltaic panels, or concentrating solar arrays. It is possible, then, that only planets with ample and accessible supplies of fossil fuel are compatible with the development of things like spaceflight or computer networks. That could even be one explanation for the Fermi paradox: the question of why the vast observable universe hasn’t yet provided any signs of life outside our solar system.
The challenge now is to move beyond fossil fuel dependency, without losing the beneficial new capabilities that have largely arisen due to the use of those energy sources. Eventually, we need to reach a point where the whole lifecycle of energy production – including construction and dismantling of generation equipment – is accomplished in a zero carbon and sustainable way. We will also need to re-make global agriculture in a way that isn’t dependent on fossil fuels or fertilizers derived from them, as well as find ways to use biomass feedstocks in chemical manufacture. The fossil fuel era must be a one-off transition period in human history; at least, it must prove to be so if human history is to extend much longer.
Our planet offers different models of development to study and perhaps learn from.
A Swedish- Indian study in the journal Science reports that two thirds of the brown cloud of pollution hanging over South Asia is made up of wood and dung particles burned for home heating and cooking and the rest from fossil fuels. This is linked to hundreds of thousands of deaths annually mainly from lung and heart disease. So even though wood and sung are not considered the usual culprits in North America and Europe, they are in in South Asia which has not progressed through the forms of energy development for such home uses that we are used to.
Another complication is South Asia’s dense level of population. (another major challenge)
I wonder what realistic efforts can be made to cleaner forms of energy , such as solar, for such simple uses as home heating and cooking in South Asia, with the emphasis on realistic given the regions the level of poverty.
Low-carbon technologies for the developing world are definitely a very promising area in which work can be done. It would be especially gratifying to develop mechanisms through which people can rise out of poverty, while also improving the quality of their immediate physical environments and reducing climate change impacts.